A)BEHAVIORISM:Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920s to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis:* Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Observable (i.e. external) behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether).
* People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior
* When born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).
* There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.
* Behavior is the result of stimulus – response (i.e. all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association). Watson described the purpose of psychology as:To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction” (1930, p. 11).
* All behavior is learnt from the environment. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
I WANNA SUMMARIZE;
- Behaviorism is based on observable changes in behavior.
- Skinner Pavlov is the famous proponents of Behaviorism, the behavior patterns of an organisms could be shaped by reinforcing and rewarding.
- Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic.
- Behaviorists refuse to speculate on what goes internally when learning takes place.
- So they explain the simple learning tasks,memorizing.
- Behaviorist principles are applied today in computer based and web based instruction.
B)COGNITIVISM: The cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the ''black box'' of the mind should be opened and understood. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer).
Originators&important contributors:Gagne,Bruner,Briggs
Keywords:Schema,schemata,information processing,symbol manipulation,information mapping,mental models.
The cognitivist revolution replaced behaviorism in 1960s as the dominant paradigm. Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities-openig the black box of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn. Mental processes such as thinking,memory,knowing,and problem solving need to be explored. Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental constructions. Learning is defined as change in learner's schemata. A response to Behaviorism,people are not programmed animals that merely respond to enviromental stimuli;people are rational beings that require active participation in order to learn,and whoose actions are a consequence of thinking. Changes in behavior are observed ,but only as an indication of what is occuring in the learner's head. Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer;information comes in,being processed and leads to certain outcomes.
C)CONSTRUCTIVISM: Constructivism is a paradigm or wordview posits that learning is an active,consructive process. The learner is an information constructor. People actively construct or create their own subjective representations are subjective.
Originators&important contributors: Vygotsky ,Piaget,Dewey,Bruner.
Keywords:Learning as experience,activity and dialogical process, problem based learning.
****a reaction to didactic approaches such as behaviorism and programmed instruction constructivism states that learning is an active,contextualized based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the enviroment. Learners continuously test this hypotheses through social negotiation. Each person has different interpretation and construction of knowledge process.The learner is not blank state (tabula rasa)but brings past experiences and cultural factors to a situation.
D)SOCIAL&PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: Social psychologists look at the effects of the social organizations of the classroom on learning.
- Group structure of the classroom -individual or small groups
- Authority structure; teacher centered-democracy
- Reward structure: cooperation-competition
- cooperative learning
AS YOU SEE I TRIED TO SUMMARIZE FOUR BASIC APPROACHES IN LEARNING ; AT THE SAME TIME WE SOLVED KPSS QUESTIONS ABOUT THEM PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO REPEAT THEM SEE YOU SOON...
